ABSTRACT
Introduction@#Teaching is considered to be a high-risk occupation for developing burnout, a phenomenon where chronic workplace stress is unsuccessfully managed. Despite studies on burnout in high- and upper-middle income countries, there is limited evidence for lower-middle-income (LMIC) countries and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.@*Objective@#This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with burnout under worker’s health, working environment, and working culture among junior high school teachers.@*Methods@#Data were collected through a six-part, self-administered questionnaire that measured sociodemographics and teacher characteristics, musculoskeletal pain, comorbidities, job insecurity, workplace social support, and burnout from 16 public high schools in Quezon City. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess significant factors associated with burnout. @*Results@#Of the 171 JHS teachers in the study, the prevalence of burnout was 5.3%. Teachers who were more likely to have burnout were males, younger age, lower teaching positions, fewer working hours and teaching experience, blended work setup, with musculoskeletal pain and mental comorbidities, job insecurity, and low workplace social support. Bivariate analysis found that mental comorbidities and job insecurity were significant, however, these were not significant in the multivariate analysis. @*Conclusion@#This study presents alternative findings for the factors associated with burnout when contextualized in an LMIC setting. Despite not finding significance when adjusted for other variables, descriptive statistics have shown the characteristics of teachers who are more likely to have burnout. Efforts to detect, manage, and prevent burnout should take these into consideration to identify teacher with burnout.
Subject(s)
Burnout, Psychological , Occupational HealthABSTRACT
@#Storage of human breast milk is unavoidable especially among working mothers who need to report back to work soon after delivery. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of storage process on the bacterial growth-inhibiting activity of expressed human breast milk on common neonatal pathogens. Methods: This was an experimental study performed at the Ospital ng Makati on the breast milk of mothers who were without infection prior to delivery, did not take any medications, and spontaneously delivered their babies full term. Fifteen mothers expressed breast milk within the first seven days up to one month, postpartum. Each milk sample was stored and tested with the following time series: immediately after expression; thawed after being frozen for 24; and thawed after being frozen for 72 hours. Each of the broth medium containing Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumonia was added to 1 ml of expressed breast milk. Tenfold dilutions were made. Each dilution was plated at zero and four hours and colony-forming units (CFU) were counted after 24 hours incubation. Same procedure was performed on a negative control. Results: The number of CFU for the three tested organisms (had lower nominal counts with the breast milk solution when compared to control solutions both at zero-hour and four-hour test samples. Breast milk exhibited bacteriostatic properties against most pathogens except for Escherichia coli after being frozen for 24 hours. For the breast milk that was frozen for 72 hours, most tests did not show significant lower counts when compared to control solutions, except still for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli both at 0 hour. Conclusion: Breast milk has bacterial inhibiting property against common neonatal pathogens. Bacteriostatic property of breast milk started to diminish after being frozen for 72 hours, but still exerted its inhibiting property.